Advances in Molecular Typing of Small Cell Lung Cancer / 中国肺癌杂志

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive and fatal malignant tumor. It has the characteristics of complex etiology, low differentiation, high malignancy, fast growth, strong invasiveness, early metastasis and acquired drug resistance, resulting in poor prognosis. In recent years, with the gradual deepening understanding on the molecular mechanism of SCLC and multi-omics data, it is proposed that molecular typing can be carried out according to the differential expression of key transcription factors, including SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P and SCLC-I subtypes. Molecular typing of SCLC and its clinical application will help doctors to further optimize the detailed diagnosis and treatment plan of SCLC patients, so as to prolong the survival time and improve the quality of life of patients.
.

Effects of Inflammatory Disease on Clinical Progression and Treatment of Ischiogluteal Bursitis: A Retrospective Observational Study

@#Introduction: The symptoms of Ischiogluteal Bursitis (IGB) are often nonspecific and atypical, and its diagnosis is more challenging. Moreover, it is difficult to predict cases of chronic progression or poor treatment response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical course of IGB patients and identify factors that are predictive of failure of conservative treatment. Materials and Methods: Our study consisted of IGB patients diagnosed between 2010 March and 2016 December who had been followed-up for at least one year. Structured questionnaires and medical records were reviewed to analyse demographic characteristics, lifestyle patterns, blood tests, and imaging studies. We categorized the cases into two groups based on the response to conservative treatment and the need for surgical intervention. Results: The most common initial chief symptoms were buttock pains in 24 patients (37.5%). Physical examinations showed the tenderness of ischial tuberosity area in 59 (92.2%) patients, but no specific findings were confirmed in 5 patients (7.8%). 51 patients (79.7%) responded well to the conservative management, 11 patients (17.2%) needed injection, and 2 patients (3.1%) had surgical treatment performed due to continuous recurrence. There was no difference in demographic and blood lab data between the two groups. However, the incidence of inflammatory diseases (response group: 10.3% vs non-response group: 66.7%, p=0.004) was significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The diagnosis of IGB can be missed due to variations in clinical symptoms, and cautions should be exercised in patients with inflammatory diseases as conservative treatment is less effective in them, leading to chronic progression of IGB.

Study on efficacy network and mechanism of Huobahuagen Tablets "treating different diseases with same method" for lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis / 中草药

Objective: Based on the network pharmacology research method, combined with the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, to explore the mechanism of the interaction of Huobahuagen Tablets (HBHGT) for treating different diseases with same method between the lupus erythematosus (LE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: The components in HBHGT and their targets were collected by using TCMSP, Chinese Herb Dictionary, and other databases in combination with literature. Disease-related targets for lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis were collected using databases such as CTD, PubMed, and Drugbank in conjunction with literature. The herb-ingredient-target network and drug-target-disease interaction PPI network were constructed by Cytoscape software, and the gene function and signaling pathway of the constructed network were analyzed. ClueGO plugin in Cytoscape software was used for GO analysis and Pathway analysis. Results: The main components of torch flower roots were epicatechin, triptolide and triptonide, and 138 key targets were obtained. Through GO analysis and Pathway analysis, it was found that HBHGT for treating different diseases with same method between the lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis involved 17 common targets such as EGFR, CRK, and LCK, and its mechanism may be related to biological processes such as phosphoprotein binding, ERBB2 signaling pathway, peptidyl tyrosine autophosphorylation, and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, FGFR3 signaling pathway, Fcε receptor (FCERI) signaling pathway and other pathways. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway was the main pathway of HBHGT for treating different diseases with same method. Conclusion: This study confirmed from the two aspects of target and pathway that HBHGTs had great similarities in the treatment of RA and LE. Among them, EGFR, CBL, LCK, and other targets and EGFR-related signaling pathways were the key targets and pathways of HBHGT for "different diseases with the same treatment".

Recomendaciones para la atención de pacientes con diabetes mellitus con factores de riesgo o enfermedad cardiovascular establecida y SARS-CoV-2 / Recommendations for the care of patients with diabetes mellitus with risk factors or established cardiovascular disease and SARS-CoV-2

Resumen Se realiza una revisión sobre el riesgo de los pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus en el contexto de morbimortalidad general y relacionada a infección por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Así mismo se repasan las recomendaciones generales, de alimentación y de la prevención de las comorbilidades que más frecuentemente padecen dichos enfermos. Finalmente se hace una revisión de las recomendaciones farmacológicas sobre el tratamiento tanto oral como parenteral en el paciente ambulatorio, en la hospitalización y en estados críticos infectados por el SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract A review is carried out to examine the risk of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in the context of general morbidity and mortality and related to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, the general recommendations for food and the prevention of comorbidities that most these patients suffer most frequently are also studied. Finally, a review of the pharmacological recommendations on both oral and parenteral treatment in the outpatient, in hospitalization and in critical states infected with SARS-CoV-2 is made.

Recent advances of microneedles for biomedical applications: drug delivery and beyond

The microneedle (MN), a highly efficient and versatile device, has attracted extensive scientific and industrial interests in the past decades due to prominent properties including painless penetration, low cost, excellent therapeutic efficacy, and relative safety. The robust microneedle enabling transdermal delivery has a paramount potential to create advanced functional devices with superior nature for biomedical applications. In this review, a great effort has been made to summarize the advance of microneedles including their materials and latest fabrication method, such as three-dimensional printing (3DP). Importantly, a variety of representative biomedical applications of microneedles such as disease treatment, immunobiological administration, disease diagnosis and cosmetic field, are highlighted in detail. At last, conclusions and future perspectives for development of advanced microneedles in biomedical fields have been discussed systematically. Taken together, as an emerging tool, microneedles have showed profound promise for biomedical applications.

Characteristics and functions of exosomes from different cell sources / 国际药学研究杂志

Exosomes, cystic vesicles secreted by living cells, carry lipids, proteins and genetic materials, and transmits biological informations in the body. The unique tissue or cell-specific proteins and genetic materials in the exo- somes generally reflect the cell origin and the physiological state of cells, so the exosomes from different cell sources appear to have different characteristics and functions. In view of the endogenous character, biocompatibility and functional versatility, the exosomes are expected to be a new means for the drug delivery systems, immunotherapies, and precision treatment. This review summarizes the exosomes secreted by different cells, focusing on the research achievement in their characteristics and functionalization studies in recent years.

Chagas cardiomyopathy associated with serological cure after trypanocidal treatment during childhood

Abstract Chagas disease is a chronic parasitological disease, which could cause cardiac manifestations in approximately one-third of affected individuals. Benznidazole and nifurtimox are used to treat this parasitological infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Conventionally, the criterion for cure is consistently negative serological tests after treatment. We report a case of a patient who was treated when she was 13 years old and achieved T. cruzi negative seroconversion but developed Chagas disease cardiomyopathy as an adult.

Research progress of liver disease treatment by Zhuang medicines / 中国中药杂志

Liver disease has become the world's fifth deadliest disease, and its incidence is increasing year by year. According to official data, viral hepatitis is high incidence in China, the condition is grim that a quarter of the patients can develop into chronic liver disease. Liver disease prevention is one of the key research topic of medical science, searching for the natural medicines of helping treat virus and human immunity has become the research focuses in current medical science field. Zhuang medicines were developed from Zhuang medical theory and practice, which are the traditional medicine used by Zhuang ancestors. The long period of experiments and clinical researches suggest that Zhuang medicines have therapeutic effects for liver disease and significant inhibitory effects on liver virus. Compared with modern medical therapy in the treatment of liver disease, Zhuang medicines therapy have more advantages in virus resistance, enzyme activity reducing, immunity improving and disease control. This study provides the overview of therapeutic effect and its mechanism on liver disease from active ingredients, effective parts, extracts and compound preparation, to provide reference for the study of Zhuang medicines' therapeutic effects on liver disease and research progress.

Intranasal mucoadhesivemicroemulsion for neuroprotective effect of curcuminin mptp induced Parkinson model

ABSTRACT This study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mice model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Curcumin loaded sodium hyaluronate based mucoadhesive microemulsion (CMME) was developed by using Box Behnken design of Response surface method (RSM) and was characterized. Male C57BL/6 mice were first treated with four intraperitoneal injections of MPTP (20 mg/kg of body weight) at 2 h intervals followed CMME intranasal administration for 14 days at 2.86 mg of curcumin/kg of body weight per once a day. Optimal CMME containing 3% Capmul MCM as oil phase, 37 % of Accenon CC and Transcutol HP at 2.5:1 ratio and 0.5% sodium hyaluronate was stable, non-ciliotoxic with 57.66 nm±3.46 as average globule size. PdI value (0.190 ± 0.19) and TEM result depicted the narrow size distribution of CMME.All three independent variables had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the responses and the designed model was significant for all taken responses. In-vivo results revealed significant reduction of MPTP-mediated dopamine depletion after nasal administration of CMME. MPTP intoxication significantly decreased striatal DA content to 21.29 % which was then elevated to 55.37% after intranasal curcumin treatment. Significant improvement in motor performance as well as gross behavioural activity of mice was observed from rota-rod and open field test findings. Findings of the investigation revealed the symptomatic neuroprotection of curcumin against MPTP-induced neurodegradation in the striatum and hence could be considered as a promising approach to treat PD.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Imperatriz, State of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil / Estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais em Imperatriz, Estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil

The study of medicinal plants reveals locally important plant species often useful for the discovery of new drugs. The objective of this research was to conduct an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by the population of the Imperatriz city, State of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. Two hundred and five interviews were conducted, resulting in the collection of 60 plant species from 31 plant families. The highest number of species belongs to Fabaceae, followed by Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae. The most reported species were Chenopodium ambrosioides, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Lippia alba, and Plectranthus barbatus. The main plant parts used were leaves (63.3%), bark (16.7%), fruits (6.7%), roots (6.7%), seeds (3.3), stems (1.7%) and latex (1.7%). Major administration routes were by oral (81.7%) or nasal via (1.6%) and topical application (16.7%) The plants were used to mitigate various health problems including pain, asthma, hypertension, gastritis, inflammation, influenza, and tuberculosis. The collected data shows that local population uses medicinal plants for treatment of several diseases and this study can serve as a basis for future chemical and pharmacological investigation, which can lead to the discovery of new therapeutic agents.

O estudo de plantas medicinais são em geral significativos em revelar espécies de plantas localmente importantes, principalmente para a descoberta de fármacos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um levantamento etnobotânico das plantas medicinais utilizadas pela população da cidade de Imperatriz no estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil. 205 entrevistas foram realizadas resultando na coleção de 60 espécies de 31 famílias de plantas. Fabaceae teve o maior número de espécies, seguido por Lamiaceae, Asteraceae e Euphorbiaceae. As espécies mais utilizadas foram Chenopodium ambrosioides, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Lippia alba e Plectranthus barbatus. As principais partes foram as folhas (63,3%), cascas (16,7%), frutos (6,7%), raízes (6,7%), sementes (3,3%), caule (1,7%) e látex (1,7%). As vias de administração mais frequentes foram oral (81,7%), tópica (16,7%) e nasal (1,6%). As plantas são utilizadas para diversos problemas de saúde como dores em geral, asma, hipertensão, gastrite, inflamação, gripe e tuberculose. Os dados mostram que população local utiliza plantas medicinais para tratamento de várias doenças e este estudo pode servir de base para estudos químicos e farmacológicos futuros que levem ao descobrimento de novos agentes terapêuticos.

Treatment of patients with aortic atherosclerotic disease with paclitaxel-associated lipid nanoparticles

OBJECTIVE: The toxicity of anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents can be reduced by associating these compounds, such as the anti-proliferative agent paclitaxel, with a cholesterol-rich nanoemulsion (LDE) that mimics the lipid composition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). When injected into circulation, the LDE concentrates the carried drugs in neoplastic tissues and atherosclerotic lesions. In rabbits, atherosclerotic lesion size was reduced by 65% following LDE-paclitaxel treatment. The current study aimed to test the effectiveness of LDE-paclitaxel on inpatients with aortic atherosclerosis. METHODS: This study tested a 175 mg/m2 body surface area dose of LDE-paclitaxel (intravenous administration, 3/3 weeks for 6 cycles) in patients with aortic atherosclerosis who were aged between 69 and 86 yrs. A control group of 9 untreated patients with aortic atherosclerosis (72-83 yrs) was also observed. RESULTS: The LDE-paclitaxel treatment elicited no important clinical or laboratory toxicities. Images were acquired via multiple detector computer tomography angiography (64-slice scanner) before treatment and at 1-2 months after treatment. The images showed that the mean plaque volume in the aortic artery wall was reduced in 4 of the 8 patients, while in 3 patients it remained unchanged and in one patient it increased. In the control group, images were acquired twice with an interval of 6-8 months. None of the patients in this group exhibited a reduction in plaque volume; in contrast, the plaque volume increased in three patients and remained stable in four patients. During the study period, one death unrelated to the treatment occurred in the LDE-paclitaxel group and one death occurred in the control group. CONCLUSION: Treatment with LDE-paclitaxel was tolerated by patients with cardiovascular disease and showed the potential to reduce atherosclerotic lesion size.

Foreign body aspiration and ingestion during oral disease treatment / 华西口腔医学杂志

Foreign body aspiration and ingestion during oral disease treatment are possible to occur. The incidence is prone to take place among children. Extracted teeth, endodontic instruments, prosthesis, and orthodontic appliance items are possible to be aspirated or swallowed. This article summarizes the reasons, handling methods, and prevention of foreign body aspiration and ingestion to provide guidance for clinical work.

Effects of Hypericum perforatum on turning behavior in an animal model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the slow and progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the (substantia nigra pars compact). Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum) is a plant widely used as an antidepressant, that also presents antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the effects of H. perforatum on the turning behavior of rats submitted to a unilateral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle as an animal model of PD. The animals were treated with H. perforatum (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, v.o.) for 35 consecutive days (from the 28th day before surgery to the 7th day after). The turning behavior was evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days after the surgery, and the turnings were counted as contralateral or ipsilateral to the lesion side. All tested doses significantly reduced the number of contralateral turns in all days of evaluation, suggesting a neuroprotective effect. However, they were not able to prevent the 6-OHDA-induced decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the lesioned striatum. We propose that H. perforatum may counteract the overexpression of dopamine receptors on the lesioned striatum as a possible mechanism for this effect. The present findings provide new evidence that H. perforatum may represent a promising therapeutic tool for PD.

A Doença de Parkinson é uma doença neurodegenerativa relacionada à idade, caracterizada pela morte lenta e progressiva de neurônios dopaminérgicos da substância negra pars compacta. O Hypericum perforatum (H. perforatum) é um fitoterápico utilizado como antidepressivo, apresentando propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e nootrópicas. Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se os efeitos do tratamento com H. perforatum no comportamento rotatório de ratos no modelo da doença de Parkinson induzido pela administração unilateral de 6-OHDA no feixe prosencefálico medial. Ratos Wistar machos foram tratados com H. perforatum (100, 200 ou 400 mg/kg, v.o.) por 35 dias (do 28º dia antes até o 7º dia após a lesão). As rotações ipsilaterais e contralaterais à lesão foram registradas no 7º, 14º e 21º dias após a cirurgia. As três doses de H. perforatum utilizadas reduziram o número de rotações contralaterais, indicando um possível efeito neuroprotetor da planta. Porém, o H. perforatum não impediu a redução na expressão da enzima tirosina hidroxilase no estriado lesionado, quantificada por Western blot. Propomos que o H. perforatum possa bloquear o aumento da expressão dos receptores dopaminérgicos no estriado lesionado com 6-OHDA. Entretanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para identificar o mecanismo exato pelo qual o H. perforatum reduziu o número de rotações contralaterais. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem o H. perforatum como um potencial agente terapêutico para a doença de Parkinson.

Doença de Caroli tratada com derivação interna / Carolis disease treated with internal bypass

A doença de Caroli é uma moléstia rara, de apresentação clínica variável, caracterizada por dilatações císticas da árvore biliar. O escopo é relatar o caso de um paciente masculino, 80 anos, internado com icterícia, prurido, dor epigástrica e hepatomegalia. A propedêutica de imagem definiu o acometimento do lobo esquerdo do fígado e da via biliar principal. Após avaliação multidisciplinar, diante das alterações clínicas e laboratoriais do paciente, foi optado pela realização de colédoco-jejuno e hepáticojejuno anastomose em Y de Roux. O pós-operatório transcorreu com melhora clínica e laboratorial; o paciente permanece assintomático após seis meses de acompanhamento. O tratamento proposto pelos autores se mostrou eficiente e não inviabiliza uma ressecção hepática futura.

Carolis desease is a rare illness, has a variable clinical presentation, characterized for expand cystic biliar tract. The goal is report a case of a man, 80 year old, admitted with jaundice, itch, epigastric pain and enlarged liver. Imaging findings showed dilatations in left hepatic lobe and principal biliar tree. After multidisciplinary evaluation, against clinical and laboratorial changes of the patient, have done coledocojejunal and hepaticojejunal anastomosis in Y and Roux. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient has been six mounths without changes. The treatment proposed for authors were efficient and dont unfeasible a hepatic resection in the future.

Pharmaceutical care as a strategy to improve the safety and effectiveness of patients? pharmacotherapy at a pharmacy school: a practical proposal

Several patients experience at least one drug-related problem and Pharmaceutical Care can change this reality. This work describes a model for structuring the pharmaceutical care service at a pharmacy training unit of the Brazilian Public Health System based on pharmacotherapy follow-up program of Parkinson’s disease patients’ results. From the follow-up results (phase 1), a Therapy Management Scheme was designed (phase 2). Of the 57 patients followed-up, 30 presented at least one drug-related problem and 42% were non-adherent to treatment, which supported the need of pharmacotherapy management. The Pharmacotherapy Management Scheme was proposed as a pharmaceutical care service model, which presents 6 steps: first, the pharmacist fills out the dispensing form and assesses patient´s pharmacotherapy, if there is a suspect problem, he is invited to the follow-up (steps 1 and 2) and they agree the first appointment. After that, pharmacist studies the patient’s case (study phase, steps 3 and 4). At the second meeting, the pharmacist proposes the intervention needed, and at the third, assesses the intervention results and new problems (steps 5 and 6, respectively). The process ends when all therapeutics outcomes are reached. This practical model can significantly contributed to the development and organization of pharmaceutical care services.

Muitos pacientes vivenciam pelo menos um problema relacionado ao medicamento e à atenção farmacêutica pode mudar este fato. Este trabalho descreve um modelo para estruturar o serviço de atenção farmacêutica numa farmácia escola do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro baseado nos resultados de um programa de seguimento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes com Doença de Parkinson. A partir dos resultados do seguimento, um esquema de gerenciamento da farmacoterapia foi desenhado. Dos 57 pacientes acompanhados, 30 apresentaram um problema relacionado ao medicamento e 42% não aderiram ao tratamento, o que reforça a necessidade de gerenciar a farmacoterapia. O esquema proposto apresenta 6 passos: primeiro, o farmacêutico preenche o formulário de dispensação e avalia a farmacoterapia do paciente; caso haja suspeita de um problema, ele é convidado a participar do seguimento farmacoterapêutico (passos 1 e 2) e marcam a primeira consulta. Após esta, o farmacêutico estuda o caso (fase de estudo, passos 3 e 4). Na segunda consulta, o farmacêutico propõe as intervenções necessárias e, na terceira, avalia seus resultados e novos problemas (passos 5 e 6, respectivamente). O processo termina quando todos os objetivos terapêuticos são alcançados. Este modelo de prática pode contribuir significativamente para o desenvolvimento e organização de serviços de atenção farmacêutica.

In vitro and in vivo experimental models for drug screening and development for Chagas disease

Chagas disease, a neglected illness, affects nearly 12-14 million people in endemic areas of Latin America. Although the occurrence of acute cases sharply has declined due to Southern Cone Initiative efforts to control vector transmission, there still remain serious challenges, including the maintenance of sustainable public policies for Chagas disease control and the urgent need for better drugs to treat chagasic patients. Since the introduction of benznidazole and nifurtimox approximately 40 years ago, many natural and synthetic compounds have been assayed against Trypanosoma cruzi, yet only a few compounds have advanced to clinical trials. This reflects, at least in part, the lack of consensus regarding appropriate in vitro and in vivo screening protocols as well as the lack of biomarkers for treating parasitaemia. The development of more effective drugs requires (i) the identification and validation of parasite targets, (ii) compounds to be screened against the targets or the whole parasite and (iii) a panel of minimum standardised procedures to advance leading compounds to clinical trials. This third aim was the topic of the workshop entitled Experimental Models in Drug Screening and Development for Chagas Disease, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the 25th and 26th of November 2008 by the Fiocruz Program for Research and Technological Development on Chagas Disease and Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. During the meeting, the minimum steps, requirements and decision gates for the determination of the efficacy of novel drugs for T. cruzi control were evaluated by interdisciplinary experts and an in vitro and in vivo flowchart was designed to serve as a general and standardised protocol for screening potential drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease.

Tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer: rol de agentes neurotróficos / Alzheimer's disease treatment: neurotrophic agents role

Dementia and mainly Alzheimer's disease is a very serious and frequent clinical problem. So far, the pharmacological treatment with approved drugs has been essentially symptomatic. Although the aetiology of AD is not yet fully understood, new therapy approaches are primarily based on the amyloidal hypothesis. Unfortunately, the new drugs with amyloidal target have had difficulties to show consistence in efficacy and safety On the other hand, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF are small, versatile proteins that maintain survival and function to specific neuronal populations, for instance cholinergic neurons, on which they have a trophic and protective effect. Cerebrolysin is a peptidergic drug, approved for Alzheimer 's disease in some countries, containing biologically active peptides that exert nerve growth factor like activity and it has interesting data about pleiotropic properties of the compound. Some clinical trials with cerebrolysin have demonstrated cognitive and functional benefits when comparing with placebo. In a complex therapeutic scene appears necessary to explore with more clinical trials the neurotrophic way.

Las demencias y especialmente la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) se han transformado en un problema clínico muy frecuente y grave. En la actualidad, los fármacos aprobados como tratamiento convencional de esta enfermedad, han demostrado esencialmente beneficios sintomáticos. Aún cuando su etiopatogenia no ha sido completamente precisada, la mayor parte de nuevas moléculas terapéuticas investigadas están basadas en la hipótesis amiloídea, pero los resultados de los estudios no han sido suficientes o en eficacia o en seguridad. Por otra parte, se ha establecido que factores neurotróficos como NGF o BDNF, poseen propiedades neuroprotectoras de poblaciones celulares específicas como las neuronas colinérgicas, severamente afectadas en la EA. Cerebrolisina, un compuesto polipeptídico aprobado en algunos países para su uso en EA, estudiado in vitro e in vivo, ha demostrado poseer valiosas propiedades pleiotrópicas similares a neurotróficos. Asimismo, algunos ensayos clínicos randomizados han demostrado beneficios clínicos en cognición y funcionalidad al comparar con placebo. En un escenario terapéutico presente complejo para la EA, existen muchas expectativas de que nuevos estudios clínicos ratifiquen las propiedades multimodales de este agente neurotrófico.

Current situation on the treatment modules of diarrhea cases in 12 counties/cities of Guangdong,Henan and Gansu provinces in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the situation of diarrhea cases treatment modules in the areas and to provide referencc data for setting up national strategies for treatment and control of diarrhea diseases.Methods Using the method of multistage and cluster random sampling,we selected twelve counties/cities and 60 streets communities/villages from Guangdong,Henan and Gansu provinces that representing three kinds of economic development．According to the definition of diarrhea case published by World Health Organization,we conducted a four-time investigation at the community level in four different sessons.Results The overall incidence of diarrhea within two weeks was 0.79％(95％CJ:0.74％-0.84％)in the residents from twelve counties/districts in Guangdong．Henan and Gansu.The incidence rate within two weeks under the 5 years old was 2.30％(95％CI:1.96％-2.67％),obviously higher than the incidence rates seen in other age groups.The average percentage of visiting a doctor seeking for help on diarrhea within the two weeks was 55.89％ for the three provinces.The highest percentage was 79.88％ in the age group under 5 years old.35.38％ of the patients with diarrhea in urban area went to the community or street clinics for treatment.but 75.04％of the diarrhea cases in rural areas went to see village or private rural doctors．Factors influencing the behaviors of visiting a doctor seeking for help were found by logistic Regression method.It was found that factors as:when diarrhea cases with voluminous or soft-rice like watery stools or with dark blood stools;when a patient was with fever,more episodes per day or with longer duration,the patients would turn more to the doctors for help.Diarrhea cases from the rural areas would see doctors more often than the cases from the urban areas.People having had partial 'new rural medicalinsurance' would see doctors more often than those without medical insurance.Conclusion We studied the modules of diarrhea case treatment between the urban and rural areal in Guangdong,Henan and Gansu provinces and found that the percentages of visiting a doctor for diarrhea treatment in the rural areas was higher than that in the urban areas.Both residents at all age and under 5 years old,the percentage of visiting a doctor for diarrhea treatment showed a sharp increase in the last two decades.

Advances in the application of human embryonic stem cells in disease treatment / 基础医学与临床

The application of human embryonic stem cell(hES cell) contributes a lot to the disease treatment,and shows a great potentiality especially in organ transplantation and tissue engineering.Although hES cell therapy has not reached clinical application,some newly achieved results are encouraging.This review mainly presents results recently published in applying hES cell for disease treatment.

Correlação entre uso de quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos e mortalidade / Correlation between antimicrobial chemotherapy and mortality

Objetivo: Correlacionar o consumo de quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos com mortes. Delineamento: Vigilância epidemiológica. População: Foram registradas todas as drogas quimioterápicas antiinfecciosas prescritas para tratar doenças infecciosas em um hospital. Os pacientes que as usaram foram seguidos desde a admissão até a alta ou o óbito hospitalar. Resultados: Foram estudados 4.968 pacientes que internaram 6.043 vezes. Das 2.305 internações nas quais os pacientes usaram quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos, 2.206 (95,7%) das vezes eles sobreviveram e 99 (4,29%) morreram. Os que sobreviveram usaram em média 1,55 (DP 1,09) quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos e os que morreram usaram em média 2,78 (DP 2,44) quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos, p<0.001. A correlação foi linear entre o número de quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos usados e a mortalidade. Os coeficientes obtidos foram: de correlação, 0.869 (p<0.001) e de determinação de Pearson de 0.755. O consumo de quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos por pacientes obteve correlação linear positiva de Spearman's rho de 0.905 (p=0.002). As relações entre as idades e a mortalidade obtiveram o coeficiente de correlação de Sperman's rho de 0.936, p<0.00. Conclusão: A quantidade de quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos usados para tratar pacientes se correlacionou positivamente com a morte e não parece ser uma boa estratégia para prevenila. Os autores sugerem desenvolver-se o conceito epidemiológico de suficiência de tratamento, considerando a cura e a morte como desfechos, como um índice de uso racional de quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos. Acredita-se que essa estratégia possa obter resultados de impacto no combate a crescente resistência antimicrobiana e na diminuição de gastos desnecessários em quimioterápicos antiinfecciosos (AU)

Aim: To correlate the consumption of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents with death figures. Research design: Epidemiological surveillance. Population: All antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents prescribed to treat infectious diseases in a given hospital were registered. Patients were followed since admission until discharge or fatal outcome at the hospital. Results: Charts from 4968 patients, whose admissions totaled 6043 occasions, were analyzed. From a total of 2305 admissions in which patients were prescribed antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents, in 2206 (95,7%) of the occasions patients survived, whereas in 99 occasions (4,29%) they died. Those who survived used in average 1,55 (SD 1,09) antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents, while those who died used in average 2,78 (SD 2,44) antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents (p<0.001). The observed correlation was linear between the number of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents prescribed and mortality. Two coefficients endorsed the observed correlation: a correlation coefficient of 0.869 (p<0.001) and a Pearson of 0.755. The consumption of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic displayed a linear and positive Spearman's correlation of 0.905 (p=0.002). The correlations between age and mortality yelled a Sperman's ρ of 0.936 (p<0.00). Conclusion: The quantity of prescribed antimicrobial chemotherapeutic was positively correlated with death. The development of a concept of epidemiological sufficiency of treatment is recommend by the authors. This concept, which considers cure and death as possible outcomes, would constitute a index of rational use of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents. It is believed that this strategy might help to curb the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents as well as to reduce dispensable expenditures with these pharmacological tools (AU)